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corona virus and other viruses seasonality
Summary: Common coronaviruses are usually detected between December and May, with a peak of infection during January and February. Only 2.5% of cases occurred in the summer months. Researchers caution it is still too early to tell if COVID-19 will follow the same seasonal path as other coronaviruses.
Source: University of Michigan
Of the seven coronaviruses known to infect people, four cause common respiratory infections that are sharply seasonal and appear to transmit similarly to influenza, according to a new study by University of Michigan School of Public Health researchers.
The study authors say it is not possible to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes COVID-19 disease, will behave likewise. But they hope their findings will help investigators better prepare for what's to come during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their study appears in the Journal of Infectious Diseases.


"Even though the seasonal coronaviruses found in Michigan are related to SARS-CoV-2, we do not know whether that virus will behave like the seasonal coronaviruses," said Arnold Monto, the Thomas Francis Collegiate Professor of Epidemiology at the U-M School of Public Health. "Only time will tell if SARS-CoV-2 will become a continuing presence in the respiratory infection landscape, continue with limited circulation as with MERS, or like SARS, disappear from humans altogether."
The researchers note that while coronaviruses have long been recognized as human respiratory pathogens, human coronaviruses have historically been detected in mild respiratory illnesses; when animal coronaviruses spill over to humans, however, they can cause severe disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012 both emerged when a coronavirus jumped from an animal to people. The COVID-19 pandemic is believed to have started in the same way.
Monto and colleagues used data from the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation study, an ongoing longitudinal investigation of respiratory illnesses in households with children in the Ann Arbor area. For the last 10 years, between 890 to 1,441 individuals from several hundred households participated in the study. The continuing study is now tracking the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 and its potential presence in Michigan households.
In 2010, the study began tracking the occurrence of four typically mild human coronaviruses (OC43, 229E, HKU1 and NL63). The researchers looked at frequency, seasonality and household transmission characteristics of the 993 infections caused by those coronaviruses.


 They found:
Overall, 9% of adult cases and 20% of cases in children were associated with doctor visits. On average, 30% of influenza cases require a doctor visit.When year-round surveillance occurred, most coronavirus cases were detected between December and April/May, and peaked in January/February. Only 2.5% of the cases occurred between June and September.The highest infection frequency was in children under age 5.Of the 993 infections, 260 were acquired from an infected household contact.The serial interval between index and household-acquired cases ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 days; secondary infection risk ranged from 7.2% to 12.6% by type.Cases in children under age 5 and adults over age 50 were more likely to be classified as severe.
Monts and colleagues say that the coronaviruses studied are sharply seasonal in Michigan and appear, based on serial interval and secondary infection risk, to have similar transmission potential to that of the influenza A (H3N2) virus in the study population. They say the results are not indicative of how SARS-CoV-2 will behave.
In a separate ongoing study, the researchers are using samples collected before the COVID-19 pandemic to explore community introduction of SARS-CoV-2. Preliminary results show no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 was present in the community before March.
Funding: The study was funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, through grants R01 AI097150 and R56 AI097150.
About this coronavirus research article
Source:
Media Contacts:
Nardy Baeza Bickel – University of Michigan
Image Source:
The image is in the public domain.
Original Research: Closed access
"Coronavirus occurrence and transmission over 8 years in the HIVE cohort of households in Michigan". Joshua G Petrie, Emily T Martin, Ryan E Malosh, Skylar Capriola, Latifa A Bazzi, Amy P Callear, Peter DeJonge, Arnold S Monto.
Journal of Infectious Diseases doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaa161.
Abstract
Coronavirus occurrence and transmission over 8 years in the HIVE cohort of households in Michigan
Background
As part of the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) study, acute respiratory infections (ARI) have been identified in children and adults over 8 years.
Methods
Annually, 890 to 1441 individuals were followed and contacted weekly to report ARIs. Specimens collected during illness were tested for human coronaviruses (HCoV) types OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63.
Results
In total, 993 HCoV infections were identified over 8 years, with OC43 most commonly seen and 229E the least. HCoVs were detected in a limited time period, between December and April/May, and peaked in January/February. Highest infection frequency was in children <5 years (18 per 100 person-years), with little variation in older age groups (range: 7 to 11 per 100 person-years). Overall, 9% of adult cases and 20% of cases in children were associated with medical consultation. Of the 993 infections, 260 were acquired from an infected household contact. The serial interval between index and household-acquired cases ranged from 3.2 to 3.6 days and the secondary infection risk ranged from 7.2% to 12.6% by type.
Conclusions
Coronaviruses are sharply seasonal. They appear, based on serial interval and secondary infection risk, to have similar transmission potential to influenza A(H3N2) in the same population.

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